We have looked at many different types of courtship and we have seen the different parts that convention plays in each one Essay Example For Students

We have taken a gander at a wide range of kinds of romance and we have seen the various parts that show plays in every one Essay We have taken a gander at a wide range of sorts of romance and we have seen the various parts that show plays in every one. We began with Trianspotting and took a gander at the part that show played when the lead character, Renton is attempting to enchant Diane. We see that Renton conflicts with all shows and supplements her on some different option from her looks. He says: I was exceptionally intrigued by the able and jazzy way wherein you managed that circumstance. In this case Renton is to some degree whimsical in his romance. His first comments to Diane are bizarrely tedious and they neglect to make reference to the one thing that he is struck by, in particular, her appearance. His romance at this stage is crafty. Diane forgets about him, as she is utilized to men visiting her up. In any case, once Renton gets into the taxi with her, Diane steps up and kisses Renton. In this romance the messages are vague. First she forgets about him, and afterward she kisses him. They engage in sexual relations, and thereafter Renton says, Christ I havent felt that great since Archie Gemmil scored against Holland in 1978. This comment recommends that football and sex with a pretty young lady are similarly significant in his life. I imagine this is a serious persuading depiction regarding romance these days. We will compose a custom exposition on We have taken a gander at various sorts of romance and we have seen the various parts that show plays in every one explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The following morning Renton is stunned to see Diane wearing her school uniform. He understands that he engaged in sexual relations with an underage young lady, and that implies that he has perpetrated a criminal demonstration. Diane quickly accepts the advantage as Renton is so terrified off by the possibility of police activity, theyd cut my balls off and flush them down the screwing latrine. Diane misuses her prevailing situation by extorting him into seeing her once more. This romance makes them strike eccentric element. Inside a short space of time every individual turns around their job: Diane wasnt quick to begin the relationship yet she needs to see him once more; Renton attempted to visit her up in any case and now he is attempting to get away. We additionally took a gander at a couple of concentrates from Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. We initially took a gander at the scene when Mr Bingley and his old buddy Mr Darcy come to take a gander at an empty house close to the Bennet house. At the point when the concentrate begins we see Mrs. Bennet race into the room where Mr. Bennet is sitting and reports that somebody has moved into the empty house across them. She says that it is a fine thing for our young ladies! this shows Mrs. Bennet isn't worried much about the character about the man however about how large his fortune is. At the point when we meet Mr Bingley we can see that he is a decent man and he has a companion called Mr Darcy who has a considerably greater fortune than Mr Bingley so he is currently the leader for Mr and Mrs Bennets little girls. In this concentrate the show of romance couldn't be progressively extraordinary whatever happens in Trainspotting. In Pride and Prejudice the youngsters depend on their folks to make the entirety of the presentations. Besides, the guardians consider which men are viewed as qualified lone rangers and which are definitely not. In those days money related security was viewed as one of the most significant components. In Trainspotting the man and lady present themselves and engage in sexual relations without knowing one another. In Pride and Prejudice there is no notice at all of sex, which apparently can just happen after marriage. By and by, a few shows never show signs of change since Mr Darcy excuses Elizabeth the second he sets eyes upon her. Obviously, even in Jane Austens time ladies were decided in the primary occurrence by their appearance. The connection between Mr Darcy and Elizabeth at the main phase of their romance is limited. He makes a decision about her and he is ascendant Trainspotting he makes a decision about her yet then the young lady rapidly gains authority over Renton. Mr Collins proposition follows a reading material show; as though he is following a manual. First he gets Mrs Bennets consent to propose to Elizabeth. At that point he sets out his explanations behind marriage as though he were orchestrating a business exchange. So as to intrigue Elizabeth he alludes to Lady Catherine de Bourgh a great deal which demonstrates his associations with the privileged societies. .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .postImageUrl , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:hover , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:visited , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:active { border:0!important; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:active , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:hover { haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26 ae7 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Frankenstein run of the mill of the gothic sort EssayMr Collins proposition is most unpredictable on the grounds that he says nothing regarding Elizabeth. Besides it appears to be generally unromantic to court a lady by requesting that her think of her as position when her dad and mom kick the bucket. It is hard to envision anything so unique to how things create in Trainspotting. At the point when Elizabeth rejects Mr Collins, he comes back to the start of his course book and attempts again to propose to Elizabeth yet this time with somewhat more inclination yet at the same time as though he were following his manual. Mr Darcys proposition co ntains no discussion of business and has all the more inclination. From a general perspective Mr Darcy utilizes a progressively capricious methodology. Mr Darcys romance is progressively perplexing, since on one hand he communicates with more inclination than Mr Collins, however then again he tends to Elizabeth as though she were substandard. Moreover, his romance is whimsical because of their distinctive social classes Could you anticipate that me should cheer in the mediocrity of your associations? Mr Darcy is really dishonest in proposing to Elizabeth, since he had attempted his most extreme to forestall Mr Bingley from wedding Elizabeths sister in light of the fact that Jane was socially substandard compared to Mr Bingley. Apparently there is one standard for Mr Bingley and another standard for Mr Darcy. I have no desire of denying, I did my best to isolate my companion from your sister, or that I cheer in my prosperity. In Pride and Prejudice it is apparent from Mrs Bennets worry over her little girls that a lady who was as yet unmarried at the age of twenty-four was considered at risk for turning into an old maid. Be that as it may, in Trainspotting it is obvious from the age and status of Rentons companions that twenty-four years old is as yet thought to be youthful and youthful and sensible for an unmarried lady. In this poem by Drayton an alternate sort of romance is wanted. Drayton follows the show of communicating love as a work his motivation is to tempt a lady. He utilizes language most impractically Me thinks this time becommeth sweethearts best; He even uses the word ordaind to recommend that religion would not contradict them going through the night together. He discusses sentimental subjects and how the night isolates them and not about how the lady may not really need to be with him around evening time. He has adhered to the show of placing enchanting words and expressions in his poem, for example, returns unto his adoration to guarantee that the lady will be tempted before the finish of the piece. Drayton addresses the woman as Deere and the sonnet is composed as though he is talking legitimately to his sweetheart, this is only the sort of sentimental closeness that Shakespeare has modified the standard exotic depictions of a special lady with the goal that her bosoms are dun. Shakespeares rhyming plan and utilization of poetic pattern is equivalent to Draytons, yet it accomplishes the contrary impact. The absolute first line of Shakespeares work is clearly a satire. My fancy woman eyes are not at all like the sun; It would be progressively regular to compose that, my escort eyes resemble the Sun. The word nothing in this setting is completely unromantic and offbeat for a poem. We at that point saw Shakespeares work that is customary in structure

Biographical Sketch free essay sample

Thessalus and Draco Major University Affiliations: Asklepieion of Cos; and the Thracian Physian Herodicus of Selymbria. Verifiable Context: Hippocrates lived in a time called the Classical Period of antiquated Greek history which was from around 500 to 336 BC. This was a time of extraordinary political and social progression for Greece as it saw the improvement of a law based arrangement of government and the production of philosophical schools on the scholarly front. The early part from 461 to 429 was a period of Greek flourishing, under the standard of rehash chose legislator Pericles, called the Golden Age or the Age of Pericles. This was a period that visionary expressions, writing, greatness engineering, instruction and culture were adored in Greece. Divine beings were adored, regarded, celebrated and thought to be the purpose behind triumph in war, the response to sick wellbeing, the reason for good wellbeing and the ones answerable for infection because of their dismay with a person. We will compose a custom exposition test on True to life Sketch or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Hippocrates Major Thoughts and Ideas in the Historical Context in which they Occur: Hippocrates single most significant idea and thought was his decisions that all issue both mental and physical were as an esult of common elements like acquired vulnerability to illness, natural injury, and an irregularity in organic liquids, which at the time both infection and clinical practices were simply founded on the mysterious, notion, convictions, enchantment, extraordinary powers and because of being in favor or not being in favor with the divine beings. He likewise felt that people involve the four components; earth which was spoken to by dark bile, air which was spoken to by yellow bile, fire which was spoken to by blood and water which was spoken to by mucus. He related an awkwardness in these eing solid. He likewise imagined that the body had the capacity to recuperate itself normally and the specialist was answerable for encouraging this procedure concentrating on treating the entire individual patient and not the malady while fixes included rest, appropriate eating routine, work out, natural air, back rub and showers. He additionally imagined that doctors ought not charge patients who couldn't stand to pay. Hippocrates had these contemplations and thoughts in when such was incredible as individuals vigorously depended on enchantment, the mysterious and accepted that being in favor with the divine beings because of the divine beings eing satisfied with the festivals and functions acted in their respect. He isolated crafted by a specialist from that of a minister in when it was believed to be one of the equivalent. He imagined that through perception of the patient and his infirmity and recording the indications he could methodicallly help treat the patient. The Relation of Hippocrates Thoughts and Ideas to the Development of Psychology: Hippocrates was the first of his opportunity to place that contemplations, thoughts and sentiments all originate from the cerebrum and not the heart as put stock in his time. He likewise had faith in treating the entire being not Just the malady. He was of the conviction that all delight originated from the cerebrum and that it was the mind that was answerable for human faculties and the capacity of individuals to recognize things. He asserted that dread, nervousness, incoherence and different types of mental issue start in the mind because of an irregularity of the components, hot, chilly, sodden and dry and consequently this awkwardness decides a people mental limit and offsetting the lopsidedness would successfully treat the patient. Hippocrates likewise distinguished psychological maladjustments, for example, insanity which he accepted to be an ailment brought about by a meandering uterus, lthough it was disproved, it introduced a natural clarification for dysfunctional behavior. Hippocrates hypothesis of the components was later additionally formed by Galen into one of the main speculations of character. My Reasons for Choosing Hippocrates: I picked Hippocrates since his commitments upset the manner in which we take a gander at medication, brain science and malady. His interpretation of wellbeing is still applicable to todays medications. I am of the conviction that his commitments made it workable for psychotherapy, homeopathic medications and other elective human services separated from contemporary medication. Aside from the entirety of this he as instrumental to classifying illness and use terms, for example, intense, ceaseless, endemic, pestilence, intensification, backslide, goals, emergency, eruption pinnacle and recovery.

A Humble Presentation Of Our Picks For Mark Zuckerbergs Book Club

A Humble Presentation Of Our Picks For Mark Zuckerbergs Book Club Following through on a tradition of giving himself a new challenge for each new year, Mark Zuckerberg announced that he would start a book club through Facebook, reading one new book every two weeks, with an emphasis (according to  Forbes) on learning about different cultures, beliefs  and histories. His first selection,  The End of Power  by Moisés Naím, focuses on the rise of individual power, assisted by (appropriately enough) social media platforms. Its a time for book challenges, resolutions, and growing ourselves as readers, and Mark Zuckerberg is hopping on that train with A Year of Books. So a few of our contributors got together to make some recommendations for Zuckerbergs book club, books we think would fit in with his goal to delve into issues more deeply and to consider other cultures, beliefs, and histories. Rebecca Joines Schinsky Daring Greatly by Brené Brown: If Zuck’s first book selection is any indication, we’re going to see a lot of business/motivation stuff from this club. Rather than the usual “get a good education, work hard, make good connections” advice, which relies heavily on the reader having access to opportunities and the means to take advantage of them, this book is about personal vulnerability and risk-taking and their ability to change our relationships and working lives. And the great thing is that anyone can practice the interpersonal skills Brown explores, in any environment. It’s a more inclusive approach to self-improvement, and I think that’s rad. Jessi Lewis Anything That Moves: Renegade Chefs, Fearless Eaters, and the Making of a New American Food Culture by Dana Goodyear: I’m in the middle of this one now, and I love to question what it is that I eat and why I eat it. How awesome would it be to have Zuckerburg’s club do the same? Goodyear does a nice job here of discussing what it means to have limitations on food, both based on resources and mental willingness. And there’s nothing quite like being self aware of the changes of food and dining in the states (Yes, there’s a raw milk movement that isn’t cool by FDA standards) and how comfortable you are with your own barriers. Aram Mrjoian Black Dog of Fate by Peter Balakian: This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, an event that is often overlooked to this day. This atrocity is still not officially recognized by the U.S. government and many other nations around the world. I once had to explain it to a history teacher in high school because it wasn’t covered in the textbook in the chapter covering World War I. Mark Zuckerberg expressed that his book club will have an emphasis on “different cultures, beliefs, histories and technologies,” and this book encompasses three of those categories. Another recommendation is The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, however, that book is likely too long for the book club timeline. Jessica Woodbury What It Is Like to Go To War by Karl Marlantes. Marlantes wrote one of the most harrowing novels I’ve ever read in Matterhorn, a story of a Marine company in Vietnam. And while that may be the better of his two books, What It Is Like to Go to War is the more important. Marlantes wants us to think about what war is and the effects it has on the human psyche. He looks at the thrills, the crimes, the rituals, and the secrets that go along with the experience of a warrior and considers how war and the treatment of soldiers has changed over time. For those of us who haven’t been in battle, Marlantes presents a crucial point of view about what it is that draws people to military service and what it means to them. He considers not only Vietnam but the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and how the United States has changed culturally. After reading it, you can’t think about war in the same way again, and with the prospect of war constantly on the horizon, it’s a necessary book to read as a citizen of the world. Derek Attig The Essential Gwendolyn Brooks, edited by Elizabeth Alexander.  A book of poetry (let alone a book of poems that mostly come from the middle of the last century) might not seem like the likeliest choice for this book club. And it’s probably not. But it should be. Relatively accessible and exquisitely beautiful, Brooks’s poems offer a sharp-eyed and generous glimpse at African American lives and communities, especially in northern cities after the Great Migration. You only have to glance at recent headlines to see how a devastating poem about Emmett Till (“That boy must have been surprised! For / These were grown-ups. Grown-ups were supposed to be wise.”) or one about the power of riots (“They were black and loud. / And not detainable. And not discreet.”) might spark useful, fascinating discussion today. And beyond (or perhaps alongside, perhaps through, perhaps tangled up with) their relevance, Brooks’s poems also have beauty and grace and rhythm (“Let it be alleys. L et it be a hall / Whose janitor javelins epithet and thought”) that reward reading, rereading, and discussion. It may not be a likely choice, but I can still dream. Nikki Steele Bad Feminist  by Roxane Gay: I can think of very few books that would open up the same types of intense discussions about feminism, power, race relations, and pop culture than Bad Feminist. And I believe Gay is one of the only authors who could handle that level of public discourse, based on her current social media presence and how her book remains approachable even when talking about difficult topics. Rachel Manwill The Portable Dorothy Parker by Dorothy Parker: Sometimes we need to be reminded that “classic” does not automatically mean “old, white guys.” Parker’s wit and wisdom is on full display in this compendium of her writing, and at her best, Parker’s writing has an uncanny way of being relevant to modern society and to modern people. Holding a unique space in 20th century letters as a poet, short fiction writer, screenwriter, critic and satirist, Dorothy Parker has the ability to elucidate and entertain all in one breathe. Alison Peters Maps by Nuruddin Farah. As one of Zuckerberg’s ruminations on books notes, Books allow you to fully explore a topic and immerse yourself in a deeper way than most media today.” I champion fiction to fulfill this requirement, and I could not have been more immersed in Farah’s Maps, the story of Askar, a boy who comes into manhood amidst the confusion and turmoil of modern day Africa. His father died in the Ethiopian civil war; his mother died bringing him to life; and Askar, a newborn found (in Somalia) next to his mother’s dead body, is taken in and loved by a woman who is herself an outcast in this small village, due to her Ethiopian heritage. Askar struggles with understanding the ways of his world war, the male-dominated society, colonial education, family ties and ethnic prejudices. Come for the story, fall in love with the beautiful, beautiful writing interspersing dreams with memories with folktales with regular old narrative that had me mesmerized, and continues to haunt my reading dreams. And it’s the first novel in Nuruddin Farahs Blood in the Sun trilogy, which means readers can immerse themselves even further in books two, Gifts, and three, Secrets. Dana Staves Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie. When the fatwa was issued against Salman Rushdie following the publication of his novel The Satanic Verses, Rushdie was forced into hiding, and on the other side of that dark time emerged the novel  Haroun and the Sea of Stories. Haroun is a young boy whose father has always been a wildly entertaining storyteller, nicknamed the Shah of Blah. But suddenly, his mother leaves, and his father loses the ability to tell stories. In the fantastical story that follows, Haroun must go on a quest to stop the Sea of Stories from being drained, thereby silencing the storytellers forever. While the book reads as a funny heroic quest novel, it is, at its heart, a defense of storytelling. This book is the powerful, curative medicine of Story, a tradition which has always been, and a tradition which must continue, in all its power and diversity. This book is also the sugar to take that medicine down with, as entertaining as it is illuminating. Amanda Nelson Death By Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries by Neil Degrasse Tyson. This collection of scientific essays aims to make  astrophysics accessible, and if theres one thing we all need in this age of rampant science-denying, its a little accessible scientific perspective. Neil Degrasse Tyson delivers with rants about scientific accuracy in movies, easy-to-grok explanations of relativity and quantum mechanics, and a compelling outline of just what would happen to your body if you were sucked into a black hole. Zuckerberg wants to focus on other cultures, beliefs, and histories, and I think a good starting point would be a look at the one thing all cultures have in common:  our tiny space in an infinite (as far as we know, anyway) universe. ____________________ Follow us on Tumblr for for book recs, literary talk, and the occasional pic of a puppy reading.

An Overview of Economic Stagflation in the 1970s

The term stagflation—an economic condition of both continuing inflation and stagnant business activity (i.e. recession), together with an increasing unemployment rate—described the new economic malaise in the 1970s pretty accurately. Stagflation in the 1970s Inflation seemed to feed on itself. People began to expect continued increases in the price of goods, so they bought more. This increased demand pushed up prices, leading to demands for higher wages, which pushed prices higher still in a continuing upward spiral. Labor contracts increasingly came to include automatic cost-of-living clauses, and the government began to peg some payments, such as those for Social Security, to the Consumer Price Index, the best-known gauge of inflation. While these practices helped workers and retirees cope with inflation, they perpetuated inflation. The governments ever-rising need for funds swelled the budget deficit and led to greater government borrowing, which in turn pushed up interest rates and increased costs for businesses and consumers even further. With energy costs and interest rates high, business investment languished and unemployment rose to uncomfortable levels. President Jimmy Carters Reaction In desperation, President Jimmy Carter (1977 to 1981) tried to combat economic weakness and unemployment by increasing government spending, and he established voluntary wage and price guidelines to control inflation. Both were largely unsuccessful. A perhaps more successful but less dramatic attack on inflation involved the deregulation of numerous industries, including airlines, trucking, and railroads. These industries had been tightly regulated, with the government controlling routes and fares. Support for deregulation continued beyond the Carter administration. In the 1980s, the government relaxed controls on bank interest rates and long-distance telephone service, and in the 1990s it moved to ease regulation of local telephone service. The War Against Inflation The most important element in the war against inflation was the Federal Reserve Board, which clamped down hard on the money supply beginning in 1979. By refusing to supply all the money an inflation-ravaged economy wanted, the Fed caused interest rates to rise. As a result, consumer spending and business borrowing slowed abruptly. The economy soon fell into a deep recession  rather than recovering from all aspects of the stagflation that had been present. Source This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

Pauls Case by Willa Cather - 912 Words

Some say money changes you, some say money changes the people around and others say money changes everyone. In Willa Cather’s â€Å"Paul’s Case†, Paul is a teenage misfit who lives in a Pittsburgh neighborhood. The love of money is put on such a high pedestal that it consumes Paul and the way which he lives. Everything he does is influenced by his desire for wealth. His love for theater and art becomes an addiction and drive him to steal money and retreat to New York. Here, Paul experiences the â€Å"fast life† as he dines and shops expensively. Paul then realizes he is the victim of his own demise and takes his own life. Paul’s obsession with theater, luxury and the dystopian society he lives in are the reasons for his isolation and loss of life. Willa Cather provides insights to how Paul wants to feel important in his life instead of being an outsider in society. In his job, Paul works as an usher in Carnegie Hall. The narrator states,†As th e house filled, he grew more and more vivacious and animated, and the color came to his cheeks and lips. It was very much as though this were a great reception and Paul were the host.† (Cather 13). The narrator shows the reader how Paul feels more important as he helps people in the theater. It is as if the sight of people filling the room and needing Paul’s help breathes life into Paul. Author E.K. Brown writes, â€Å"He felt the pull of New York...to feel himself in the center of â€Å"the plot of all dreams†...†(Brown 1). Brown uses thisShow MoreRelatedPauls Case by Willa Cather Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesPauls Case by Willa Cather Willa Cather was born near Winchester, Virginia in 1873. At age ten, she moved with her family to Nebraska where most of her stories were set. In 1913, she began an extensive writing career which included many short stories and several novels. In her stories, she depicted the lives of prairie farmers on the great plains. She glorified them over the city dwellers. In 1922, she won the Pulitzer Prize for her novel One of Ours. She left behind a heritage forRead More Materialism in Pauls Case by Willa Cather Essay782 Words   |  4 Pages In Pauls Case, Willa Cather manages to apply the emotions, feelings, troubles, and thoughts of modern society, allowing the reader to relate to the story. By incorporating the same heavy burdens that bother and aggravate people in their daily lives, Willa explores the pain and treatment unwanted people experience. Obviously, nobody wants to feel rejection or alienation from the world, but instead they desire to encounter acceptance and agreement with the worlds standards. In the story, theRead More Analysis of Paul’s Case by Willa Cather Essay2549 Words   |  11 Pages According to many readers of Paul’s Case, this is a short story that shows affection, passion, and most of all enthusiasm. Willa Cather seems to base her stories off of daily life and events that she thought progressed in many lives. Her passion for writing showed in her literature giving a visualization on what people think doesn’t occur in the regular life of a person. Also throughout Willa Cather’s short stories she gave examples upon her childhood and her time spent in a small town sheRead More Analysis of Pauls Case by Willa Cather Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Pauls Case by Willa Cather Willa Cather’s â€Å"Paul’s Case† is a story about a young 16 year-old man, Paul, who is motherless and alienated. Paul’s lack of maternal care has led to his alienation. He searches for the aesthetics in life that that he doesn’t get from his yellow wallpaper in his house and his detached, overpowering father figure in his life. Paul doesn’t have any interests in school and his only happiness is in working at Carnegie Hall and dreams of one-day living the luxuriousRead MoreEssay on Paul’s Case: A Study in Temperament by Willa Cather616 Words   |  3 Pagesthat you did not feel you belonged in. That is the story of Paul in â€Å"Paul’s Case,† written by Willa Cather. He lived in a suburban home where everyone seemed the same and there was a feeling of despair. Paul, who was a young man, felt that his father, teachers and classmates misunderstood him and therefore were unworthy of his company. In the story there are many symbolic elements. Flowers, for instance, symbolize Paul’s personality and life. The parallel between the boy and the flowers isRead More Pauls Case by Willa Cather - Socrates’ Perspective of the Courageous Paul1052 Words   |  5 PagesPauls Case by Willa Cather - Socrates’ Perspective of the Courageous Paul In Pauls Case by Willa Cather, Paul becomes aware of the fact that his life is not exactly what could be called liveable. His physical home leaves something to be desired, his teachers clearly dislike him, and his father is not the model father. Paul feels that these things are unjust and detrimental to his life. Due to the unjust things in his life, he decides to rid himself of themRead MoreFree Will or Determined Analyse of â€Å"Paul’s Case† Written by Willa Cather995 Words   |  4 Pagesfree will or determined analyse of â€Å"Paul’s case† written by Willa Cather Pauls casewas a story written by the famous female writer/ journalist Willa Cather, the story explores the life of an idealistic young boy named Paul who hates his impoverished life. Paul strongly believes that he was meant to be born in a rich family instead of a mid-class home. He tries to escape from the impoverished environment of which he live in and only approaches either rich, or famous people .Sadly, in the endRead Mores Desire To Escape Society In Pauls Case By Willa Cather944 Words   |  4 PagesPaul’s Case Essay The topic of an individual’s desire to escape society is essential to understanding the human condition. Some suggest that when an individual does not fit within their community, they must seek acceptance elsewhere. However, others, believe that an individual must adapt and conform to those around them. In the short story â€Å"Paul’s Case† by Willa Cather, where Paul struggles with fitting in among the people of Cordelia Street. Initially, he attempts to escape the monotonousRead More Willa Cathers Short Story Pauls Case Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesWilla Cathers Short Story Pauls Case   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Willa Cather’s short story Paul’s Case we learn of a young man who is fighting what he fears most: to be as common and plain as his world around him. How others perceive Paul only encourages him to fulfill his dream of escaping his monotonous lifestyle. Paul feels he is drowning in his everyday environment and his only breath of air is his savior: the theater.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul has very little interest in his class studies. This leaves him open toRead More Use of Symbols in Pauls Case Essay838 Words   |  4 Pageshave different ideas of what is actually being said. One of the many symbols in â€Å"Paul’s Case† is flower’s. From violets to carnations, the flowers Paul talks about are ones of many meanings. The flowers represent a continual motif, expressing Paul’s character. The narrator expresses the teacher’s views towards Paul’s flowers, â€Å"†¦his whole attitude was symbolized by his shrug and his flippantly red carnation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cather). Paul wears the flowers to symbolize his beauty for things. Living in a grey world

Characterization Of The Lottery, And The Rocking Horse...

1 Running head: CHARACTERIZATION OF STORIES Characterization in â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† CHARACTERIZATION OF STORIES 2 Thesis Statement The essay is based upon,†The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† written by D.H.Lawrence. The element of which that is in focus and discussed in this essay is the characterization. The Characterization in the two short stories is contrasted by discussing their emotions, attitudes, behaviors, qualities and motivations. CHARACTERIZATION OF STORIES 3 Characterization in â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† 1. Introduction 2. â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson 2.1. Who are the characters? 2.2. Qualities, emotions and attitudes 2.3. Motivation 3. â€Å"The Rocking-Horse winner† by D.H.Lawrence 3.1.1. Characters in the story 3.1.2. Personality of the characters 3.1.3. Motivation 4. Contrast in the characters 5.Show MoreRelatedFiction Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pagessomewhat tragic short stories is that of D.H. Lawrence’s, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† and Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†. With the classic theme of â€Å"luck† and what that means in each story, we see two very different meanings as these two stories unfold. In â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†, we see the protagonist, Paul, who endlessly searches and somewhat attains luck in his search for his mother’s monetary desire. Within the lines of â€Å"The Lottery†, however, we see a quaint satirical setting of towns’ folkRead More The Rocking Horse Winner and The Lottery Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesIn both â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the authors take critical aim at two staples of mainstream values, materialism and tradition respectively. Both authors approach these themes throug h several different literary devices such as personification and symbolism; however, it is the authors use of characterization that most develop their themes. Well be taking a look at the parallel passages in the stories that advance their themes particularly whenRead MoreEssay on Eng 102 Short Story735 Words   |  3 Pagesshort stories to compare and contrast in your essay: †¢ â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson †¢ â€Å"The Destructors† by Graham Greene †¢ â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence †¢ â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne †¢ â€Å"The Child by Tiger† by Thomas Wolfe †¢ â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell    Also, make at least one of these elements of fiction the focus of your essay: †¢ Conflict/Plot/Structure †¢ Characterization †¢ Setting †¢ Theme/Authors’ Purposes †¢ Point of View †¢ Tone/Style/Irony/Symbol/Imagery Read MoreENG 102 fiction essay instruction768 Words   |  4 Pagesthe following short stories to compare and contrast in your essay: â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Destructors† by Graham Greene â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne â€Å"The Child by Tiger† by Thomas Wolfe â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell Also, make at least 1 of these elements of fiction the focus of your essay: Conflict/Plot/Structure Characterization Setting Theme/Authors’ Purposes Point of View Tone/Style/Irony/Symbol/Imagery Read MoreMedia Magic Making Class Invisible2198 Words   |  9 PagesJune) Newburgh (14 June) Countee Cullen: A Reniassance Man (14 June) Death In The Hours (14 June) Antigone (14 June) The Art Of Persuasion (14 June) Compare And Contrast (13 June) Sonnys Blues (13 June) Social Order In Jackson#039;S Lottery (13 June) Mop Top (13 June) What Is The Primary Cause For MacbethS Descent Into Wickedness? (13 June) Narratve Essay (13 June) Outline: Infomative Essay (13 June) Whitman (13 June) à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ¡Salvationà Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…“ By Langston Hughes (13 June) Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesChristmas, and so on. 8.11 Psychographic and lifestyle segmentation The fourth and increasingly popular basis of consumer segmentation stems from work by Riesman et al. (1950), which led to the identification of three distinct types of social characterization and behaviour: 1 Tradition-directed behaviour, which changes little over time and, as a result, is easy to predict and use as a basis for segmentation 2 Other directedness, in which the individual attempts to fit in and adapt to the behaviour

Employment Relations Employees and Labors

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relations for Employees and Labors. Answer: Introduction Employees and labors are one of the integral parts of any business as the success and failure of any business organization vastly depends on the performance of them. One can see the existence of various employment related issues in an organization. Here comes the part of the employment relation or employee relation or labor relation. Thus, the function of employee relation is to consult, facilitate and develop effective strategies to resolve various employee relation issues in an organization (Zukauskas Vveinhardt, 2015). Employee and labor relation helps the management of a business organization in various manners like to develop, maintain and improve the employee relation with the help of communication strategies, performance management, processing grievance and in many other ways. There are various employees relation issues are there almost in every country (Fossum, 2014). However, it has been observed that Singapore has been the centre of attraction for recent years by the contr oversial closing of the plants of various multinational companies and the large number of employee layoffs. It can be clearly understood that this issue is not good for the health of Singapore economy as the businesses are the backbone of any economy (Hendrix, Hayes Kumar, 2012). Employee Relation Issues in Singapore There are various incidents of wind up of businesses and employee lay off are going on in Singapore. Now-a-days, this is a growing concern for various parties in Singapore like the government, the employees and the businesses. In order to get the clear picture of the situation and to find out the solution strategies, it is important to discuss some of those major plant closure and employee layoff issues. Some wind ups and layoffs of some major multinational companies in Singapore are discussed below: Coca-Cola: As per the latest news in Business Times Coca-Cola Singapore Beverages, commonly known as CCSB, is going to shut down its manufacturing operations in the bottling plant of Tuas, Singapore (www.businesstimes.com.sg 2016). According to Stephen Lusk, chief executive of Coca-Cola, Singapore plant will be compromised so that CCSB can focus on more on the high value added services like new technologies, innovation and research. This step of the company will cause on the loss of job for more than 200 employees in Singapore. (Carpenter Ng, 2013). Seagate: Seagate is another multinational company in Singapore that is planning to close one of its hard drives manufacturing facility in Singapore. There are around 4000 employees in the plant and ads per the company, 2000 among them is going to lose their job in this process. There are two reasons behind this closure. One is the effects of economic recession and another reason is the missteps taken by the management of the organization. (www.eetimes.com 2016). Tate Lyle: Tate and Lyle are going to close down their plant in Singapore. As per the company, the reason behind this close down is supply not demand. There is enough demand in the market, but the Singapore plant is not able to maintain the supply as per the demand. The profit has been reduced to 16 million pound in 2015 as compared to 62 million pound in the year 2014. Motorola: Back in the year 2009, Motorola shut down the cell phone manufacturing plant in Singapore. The plant used to manufacture high end cell phones, mobile phones and many others. The initial was taken to cut the cost of around $ 500 million. At the time of the closure, Motorola has 2500 employees in that plant and the closure of the company cut the job of 700 employees from that plant (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). Barclays: Barclays is another company that is planning to cut the jobs of one hundred employees in Singapore form its IT operation department. The reason behind this employee layoff is cut of cost from the bank (Heinemann, 2015). IBM: One of the shocking news is that IBM is also planning to terminate some of the employees from its operation in Singapore. IBM has a reputation about the process of fire and hire. The company denied commenting further in this matter but they have confirmed that they are going to terminate some employees for sure. IBM cuts the jobs of the employees irrespective of the fact that how many years they are serving for the company (McNeill, 2015). There is other many companies that either plan to cut the jobs of the employees or planning to do so. Global bank Standard Chartered has terminated some of the employees in Singapore while they cut around 15000 jobs globally. As per HSBC, the company has announced that they will freeze the salaries of the employees and in this process more than 3000 employees of Singapore will be affected. In order to reduce the cost pressure, Resorts World Sentosa cut the jobs of a lot of employees in February in Singapore.It can be seen that so many renowned companies lay off employees in Singapore and the list is growing continuously (vulcanpost.com 2016). There are some reasons behind this growing issue in Singapore. As per the statistics, the majority of the employee layoffs happen in the service sector in this year and the number is 2500. Manufacturing and construction sector are the next after service sector accounts for 1800 and 300 layoffs respectively. The main reason is the economic slowdown in Singapore. Due to economic slowdown, most of the companies in Singapore are facing loss and their production is not up to the mark. On the other hand, the costs are rising continuously. In this situation, the companies are left with two situations. That is they either have to close the business operations in Singapore or they have to terminate a large number of employees to cut down the costs. Some of the companies are taking the first step and some of them are taking the second (Jumah, Morales-Rodriguez Llorns-Rivera, 2015). From the above discussion its can be seen that there are many renowned multinational that closing their business operations in Singapore due to the above discussed reasons. This is the kind of problem that is affecting the economy of the country as well as the working people of it. It is not desirable that the current situation stays like that. All the parties involved in this problem must involve in finding the solution to revive the situation. They should handle this situation with utmost attention and need to find the way out from this universal problem. One of the ways to handle this situation is the co-ordination among the businesses, the labors, the society and the government. There are many ways that a business can come out from this business closure and employee layoffs puzzle. Some of the strategies are discussed below to prevent the plant closure in Singapore. It is advised to the business that they should target the correct market for their business. One of the reasons of the plant closure in Singapore is the section of wrong market by the business organizations. There are various benefits of selecting the right market like it prevents the wastage money for lost causes. On the other hand, the selection of right market will maximize the profitability of the firms and the companies can get a clear view about the market position. The unique selling propositions or the USBs of the business need to be strong enough for the companies so that people only choose the products of that business at the time of purchasing. This process will give the organization a competitive edge over its competitors. Diversification of the marketing channels is another way to prevent the plant closure form Singapore. The companies put themselves in a great risk at the time of choosing only one marketing channel. It is recommended that the companies should select more than one marketing channels to avoid risk in this highly competitive market. For example, a company should select both online and offline marketing campaign for their business activities (Hameed Khan, 2014). Every business organization has a message to give to the customers. The business organizations should make it clear that they are successful to convey the right message to the customers. It can be happened with the business organizations that they are running out of cash or the cash flow of the company is not sufficient. In this kind of situations, companies need to have some campaigns ready to create instant cash flows. This process reduced the possibility of making loss to the business organizations. The business organizations need to take steps to expand their business on a regular basis. In todays highly competitive market, expansion is necessary to retain the palace in the competition. On the other hand, expansion increases the profitability of the business organizations (Contu, Palpacuer Balas, 2013). These are some of the steps that the business organizations should take to avoid the shutdown of the plants in Singapore. On the other hand, employee layoff is another issue in Singapore. The main reason for the employee layoff is the reduction of costs of the business. However, there are various other reasons. The businesses also face some issues due to employee layoffs like lose of institutional knowledge, disruption in work relationships and the increase in burden on the remaining employees. To handle this employee layoff issue, some steps are recommended below: The complexity in the structure of the organization is one of the reasons for employee layoffs. Extra level of organizational structure increases the possibility of employee layoffs. Thus, it is recommended that the companies should have simple structure with a few layers for their businesses (Cascio, 2015). It has been seen that the companies often value the customers more than the employees of the organization. It has to be remembered that the employees are the life of a business that helps to retain the customers. Thus, employees need to be given utmost attention. The wage structure for the employees should be reasonable based on the economic condition (Weiss, 2014). The government of a country is like the backbone of that country. Every policies, rules and regulations about the business of a country is made by the government. Hence, it is expected that the government should include themselves to resolve this situation. The government needs to develop and implement some employment relationship friendly effective strategies in order to prevent shut downs and employee layoffs. The government should take strategies so that more job opportunities can be created in Singapore. The initiative of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCCI) can be set as example. The Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCCI) have been urging the small and medium for the enhancement of their business models so that more job opportunities can be raised (Gelman et al., 2015). As per the Singapore Retailers Association of Vice Presidents, several retailers are closing down the less profitable business stores and release their employees. Loan facilities have been arranged for them so that they do not have to close their businesses. It will decrease the rate of layoffs of employees (Baraldi et al., 2015). These are example of the ways by which the government can resolve the issues of plant closure and employee layoffs. Conclusion Shutdown of various renowned plants and employee layoffs are the two growing issues in Singapore. Economic slowdown and various other issues are responsible for this shutdowns and layoffs. It can be seen there are various renowned companies like Coca-cola, Seagate, IBM, Barclays and many others are there that have either shut down the plants in Singapore or are planning to do so. This is the high time for the companies to develop and implement strategies to eradicate these issues. Various recommendations to prevent the shutdown of plants and employee layoffs are discussed like to increase marketing diversities, decrease the layers in the business and others. One of the most important aspects is that the government of the country has a significant role to play in these issues as they are the one that create rules and regulations for the countries. It is the duty of the government to develop business friendly strategies to promote business. Thus, it is recommended the inclusion of gove rnment to resolve these issues. References Baraldi, P., Di Maio, F., Rigamonti, M., Zio, E., Seraoui, R. (2015). Clustering for unsupervised fault diagnosis in nuclear turbine shut-down transients.Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,58, 160-178. Carpenter, K., Ng, W. K. (2013). Singapore's Chemicals Industry: Engineering an Island.Chemical Engineering Progress,109(4), 56-60. Cascio, W. F. (2015). Alternatives to Downsizing: Efforts in Responsible Restructuring.EPRN. Contu, A., Palpacuer, F., Balas, N. (2013). Multinational corporations politics and resistance to plant shutdowns: A comparative case study in the south of France.Human relations,66(3), 363-384. Fossum, J. A. (2014).Labor relations. Mcgraw Hill Higher Educat. Gelman, M., Kariv, S., Shapiro, M. D., Silverman, D., Tadelis, S. (2015).How individuals smooth spending: Evidence from the 2013 government shutdown using account data(No. w21025). National Bureau of Economic Research. Hameed, A., Khan, F. (2014). A framework to estimate the risk-based shutdown interval for a processing plant.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,32, 18-29. Heinemann, F. (2015).Corporate Accelerators: A Study on Prevalence, Sponsorship, and Strategy(Doctoral dissertation, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY). Hendrix, J. A., Hayes, D. C., Kumar, P. D. (2012).Public relations cases. Cengage Learning. Jumah, A. H., Morales-Rodriguez, D., Llorns-Rivera, A. (2015). Economic Incentives and Determinants to Attract FDI. InLabor Markets and Multinational Enterprises in Puerto Rico(pp. 25-32). Springer International Publishing. McNeill, D. (2015). Global firms and smart technologies: IBM and the reduction of cities.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,40(4), 562-574. Pyzdek, T., Keller, P. A. (2014).The six sigma handbook(p. 25). McGraw-Hill Education. Ramchandani, N. (2016).Coca-Cola Singapore Beverages to shut Tuas plant; commits US$100m investment.The Business Times. Retrieved 10 November 2016, from https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/coca-cola-singapore-beverages-to-shut-tuas-plant-commits-us100m-investment Seagate lays off 1,600 in Singapore; more cuts possible | EE Times. (2016).EETimes. Retrieved 10 November 2016, from https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1122557 Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press. Yap, J. (2016).Singapore Downturn? Here's The List Of Companies Cutting Jobs Over The Past Few Months.Vulcan Post. Retrieved 10 November 2016, from https://vulcanpost.com/534241/list-of-companies-cutting-jobs/ Zukauskas, P., Vveinhardt, J. (2015). Diagnosis of mobbing as discrimination in employee relations.Engineering Economics,64(4).

Band Leadership Essay free essay sample

Being a part of this band has in itself been a memorable experiance, an experiance i would not trade for the world. However this past year I lost hope in band and was actually really close to quitting band all together. I had forgotten why i was a part of marching band with the stress of my school work and frustration over my tiredness in cross country. But when we played at our lakeshore competition i felt something that i had never before felt in the band. I had walked of the feild with what felt like a runners high, only difference is that I had just marched in arguably the most epic performance i have ever been a part of. I have to thank that feeling i got at the end of the show for the reason i am applying for leadership, and that is something i do not think i could ever forget. We will write a custom essay sample on Band Leadership Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When looking beyond the extra little something to set me apart on my colledge applications the only gains i can see from me being in leadership is personal. I know that i will benefit from this because it will help me refine my personality. Being in a leadership position of Captain in track and Craoss country has help make me more aware of how i can help others. I have also learned from my job about how to be more of a people person. Being a drill instructer will allow me to fine tune these developing qualitys to help improve me as a person for when i leave highschool and eneter the real world. This position of drill instructor will also allow me to gain the experiance as a leader. I know i have what it takes to be a great leader and i would like to improve thiswith the experiance being a drill instructor will allow me to do. To be honest i have applied for this position three times now and there is not much more i can say beyond this; I know i have what it takes to be one of the best options for the trumpet leadership. But I will take the time to highlight my three best traits i have to offer the leadership. First off i work hard, I tend to push myself to my limits and i benefit from it, I have shown this in my running as well as a majority of my schoolwork. This work effick i have will make me a good person for the rookies to look up to and learn from. The second trait that sets me apart is that i have become open-minded to other options. Yes, i am still a little stubborn but during this past year i have been able to listen to other options and even consider them to improve my ideas or even allow my ideas to be incoroerated. The last trait that will set me apart from the other applicants in my section is that i have the experiance they lack. I have been a captain in cross country and track since my sophmore year, I love my section most days but lets be real some days we can be difficult people to reason with, and this is where my experiance will help. My proir leadership experiance has allowed me to learn how to lead effectivally as well as recognize ineffective ways. I also view myself as being a fairly good marcher, and a marcher who is eager to pass my experiance to the next generation of marchers before i graduate. I hope that based on what i have told you about myself you can see that i do belong on your leadership group Even with such a short season, the marching band is able to accomplish alot. As a band we are able to make the crowds at parades go crazy for us, we can very effectivly liven up a football stadium, and we have even managed to make other bands tremble when we arrive at compitions. But one of the most important things that this band has to offer is to its member directly. The most influential side effects the band has is to develope three important things in its mebers that will impact us all. Those three things are pride, work effick, and a love for what you enjoy. It is those three things that can only be developed in sports and marching band. And with a band that presses 150 nearly every year, that is alot of individuals that will be able to be successfull after there highschool lives are over. The most important thing the band does is to develope the younger members of the community, this benefits both the individuals and all the people they will influence in there lives. Personally i have had no big issue with the drill instructors, except the few that let there significant others boss the entire underclassmen group around just because they were dating a drill instructor. But overall from the observer standpoint i have not has any standout moments of spetaculiar leadership nor complete distastor within my section, However if on leadership or not i do have ine suggestion: better communication acrose sections and less yo fix your section and i worry about mine. I have noticed that this has created disagreements over who marked off the spot correctly or not.

July 2007 Most Popular Articles

July 2007 Most Popular Articles July 2007 Most Popular Articles July 2007 Most Popular Articles By Daniel Scocco Five Frequently Misused Verbs: Go, Come, Write, Give, and Eat. Among the most frequently used words in English, these five verbs are also the most frequently misused. The error occurs when the simple past forms are used to form the present or past perfect Dialogue Dos and Don’ts: In the post Show, Don’t Tell, I mentioned dialogue as one of the ways you can â€Å"show† your reader what’s happening in a scene. Effective dialogue is an essential part of both fiction and creative nonfiction writing. How to Bypass Your Internal Editor: When you edit your first draft, you’ll have all sorts of ideas of what to change. But when you write your first draft, you want to turn off the â€Å"internal editor† in your mind, that super-ego that looks over your shoulder and criticizes everything you do. Editing is different from writing. Most people can’t successfully do both at the same time. And when you do your first draft, you need to focus on writing. Accept the Effect: These words give writers trouble since the two can be both a noun and a verb, although affect is typically verb and effect, noun. Normally, you will use affect to denote influence. The Impotence of Proofreading: Its a fact that a spell checker will not catch all the mistakes on your text. More specifically, it will not catch misspellings that form other valid words. So how do you solve this problem? Proofreading, of coarse! Less/Fewer; Number/Amount: Still Salvageable: The difference between less and fewer, like that between lay and lie, is on the brink of extinction, but enough careful speakers and writers observe the difference to make it worth our attention. Ready, Set, Write!: One of the biggest problems people have with writing is getting started. A blank page (or computer screen) can be intimidating, but prewriting is a great way to overcome that intimidation. Here are some prewriting activities to help get the words flowing out of your brain and onto the page. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureExcited ABOUT, not "for" While vs. Whilst

Learning resource on health and well-being Essay

Learning resource on health and well-being - Essay Example In an effort to make this program effective, schools and tertiary education facilities are constantly being encouraged to adopt a strong curriculum which not only caters for the child’s intellectual improvement, but also all aspects revolving around his/her life based on the four key pillars which include: Good health and nutrition is essential to a human development. Schools and generally all learning institutions have much to impact especially when it comes to a child’s health development. While most schools put more emphasis on intellectual growth, the health status of the learner should not be compromised. In most cases learning institutions are expected to provide at least two to three nutritious meals daily to ensure that the children get the strength to move around and concentrate in class. After all no one can learn on an empty stomach. Through this attempt, children are also evaluated and checked by health practitioners to ascertain their health and general nutrition. As such children are guaranteed of a balanced diet both at home and in school. They are also guaranteed of proper medical care which also happens to determine the general performance of the child. As part of creating a healthy society, this resource centers on ensuring that school-going children and youth are at least provided with a balanced diet at school and at home to ensure that they gain both physical and intellectual health (Department for Education and Skills, 2012). One of the most important reasons why children fail to perform as expected is due to their state of mind. According to a recent report the number of school drop-outs in the UK alone stands at an average of 120,000 students each year. While a substantial number of students drop out of school due to financial challenges, it is certain that a greater number leave school due emotional health problems. Although teachers are tasked with the general evaluation of the learner, in most

Introduction to business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to business law - Essay Example Managers need to remain increasingly concerned about the occurrences of any harmful incidents during the event. For instance, a court might consider several aspects if there occurs a harmful incident due to lack of air-conditioning facilities at the concert as can be witnessed with reference to the incident of Madonna’s concert in the UK recently. The aspects may include complying with the legal rules as well as regulations and making essential approvals relating to the concert. The various responsibilities of a safety manager at Madonna’s concert in Australia would be to construct a safe venue for the viewers or the audiences, offering ample space to the viewers for free movement which in turn shall also render them a comfortable space to enjoy the show without disruptions and appropriately managing the people including the working staffs. Moreover, the other significant role of a safety manager is to monitor various safety aspects for the conduct of an event which inc ludes electrical systems, fire prevention tools and accumulation of surface water among others. Hence, the scope in relation to the duties of an event manager is considered to be quite broader as the manager is entitled with various responsibilities to be performed since the initiation till the completion of the event. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 1.Introduction 4 2.Event Context 5 3.Legal Issues 7 3.1.Overview of the Australian Health and Safety Laws 7 3.2.Legal Considerations 9 5. Recommendations 9 6. Conclusion 11 References 12 1. Introduction As to a recent instance regarding Madonna, it has been viewed that Madonna’s concert has significantly raised tremendous issue relating to health and safety. The demands of Madonna had ultimately resulted in generating huge troubles with health and safety officials concerning the event. The issue was regarding the impediment of air-conditioning as one of the prime demands of Madonna. With reference to the challenges witnesse d during this concert, it can be effectively noted that it is quite necessary to manage a particular event or a concert which would emphasise upon looking after the interests of both the artists and the viewers. In order to organize and manage the similar event with Madonna in Australia, laws pertinent with health and safety would be the topmost concern. In this discussion, a detailed report advising Madonna and her management on various legal matters will be taken into concern. The different matters would include determining the appropriate authorities in Australia who are responsible for maintaining the efficiency of event management in relation to health and safety. Moreover, identification of certain matters that a court might consider when analyzing the likelihood of an occurrence of a harmful incident due to lack of air-conditioning facilities at the concert will be discussed. Various aspects such as the work of a safety manager relating to a musical concert, carrying out vari ous safety checks and the duties of a safety manager prior to, during and immediately after the concert will also be portrayed in the discussion. 2. Event Context The nature of the proposed event is about organising a musical concert in Australia for entertainment. The chief artist of the concert would be the famous singer, actress, dancer as well as songwriter, Madonna. The event would likely be held in Australia’s one of the premium indoor venue i.e. ‘

Islamophobia in the Media

Islamophobia in the Media The media is a means of communication which is usually made through television, radio, newspapers and other outlets that influence a wide amount of people. Moreover, the media causes moral panics of crime and fear of crime, this including the media’s role in the social construction of crime and media amplification of crime. The relationship between crime and the media has been debated historically particularly in relation to public fears about the harmful effects of the media. It is common observation that crisis such as wars, share markets, scandals often drive the public policy making process. Crisis reveals the problems and public consensus emerges that policymakers must do something about it. These crisis reveal broadcasters important role in community crisis information Saider 2006:1) choosing negative names for people or groups that powerful policymakers dislikes using positive names for describing wildly acts are part of media tricks. Numerous media campaigns are going on against Islam and Muslims. Multiple channels trying to show a rough picture of Islam to their public. At the same time muslims groups through various media are trying to convey their messages but in comparison to the global dominance of the western media their effects are somehow in vain. The media has responsibility of reporting fair and unbiased news stories. However, media are now blamed for overlooking the ethical issues when it comes to Islam. Although Islam is the fastest growing religion in the west, the west has many stereotypes and misconceptions about Islam that are due to the media, prejudice and ignorance. Islam is often looked upon the extremist terrorist fundamental religion. In contrast to what many westerners think of Islam is a peaceful religion, which does not promote any forms of uncalled violence or terrorist actions. A major factor which contributes to Islamic stereotyping in the west due to the medias selection of their words that describe Muslims. Some common name heard or seen in the news about Muslims are extremist or terrorist. These words are misleading any mainly are anti-Islamic. The media rarely use more words such as revivalist or progressive. Media reports about Muslims and Islam negatively. A great misconception that exists the truth about Jihad which means â€Å"the struggle in the path of God†. However, the media abuses the meaning of Jihad by referring to it as a war in which Muslims unreasonably kill non-believers. But the fact is that Jihad can mean a numbers of things that a Muslims does for the sake of God. The media used this kind of a definition in their reports. The media often takes the word Jihad out of context to propagate negative views on Muslims. Media using the most relevant example of the 9/11 event was to capitalise its political gain. The media depicts Islam as fundamentalism, extremist and radicalised religion. In a world were the role of the media is control; the image of reality can be manipulated by the author. The media tried to represent Muslims as terrorists posing a threat to security of countries. The way the media writes about Muslims being terrorists and the way they portray them on TV, documentaries and many others it raises many questions for policy-makers and for general public like, what the cause of global terrorism is, whether all the Muslims are terrorists including children, women and why all Muslim people hate British people and many others. These types of questions create public panic around the Muslim communities and terrorist threats. However, a research by Whitaker (2002) suggested that Muslims are intolerant, violent and cruel. It also suggested that Muslims are reported mainly when they cause a t rouble though negative stories that often come from other countries. They obviously have some effect on readers perceptions of Muslims in Britain. By doing so they try to justify the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. This led to the emergence of Islamophobia. However, little effort has been made to respond to their negative campaigns. On the contrary the act of terrorist groups who kill people especially western hostages help their media to show that they are collectively victims of terrorism. The medias poor representations of Islam are due to poor language translations, the absence of developed news agencies which interactional networks and native reporters and biased reporting by reporters. The public is often misinformed about the Muslims through the images on television, radio, comic stories in newspapers which promote strong message to the public. Reporters often say Muslims are terrorist. This becomes the common image to the general persons that all the Muslims are terrorists (Edwards Saids book, covering Islam 1997). The representation of muslims in the media relate to the lack of acceptances of differences. Media creates moral panics around terrorist threat. As one scholar said the war on terrorism is a war of images and the most effective images are those of terrorists victims. But other side we see discrimination associated with Islamophobia. This represents that the muslims are threat to security. Negative coverage of muslims has led to the production of anti-Islamic films like â€Å"Fitna† by Dutch parliamentarian Geert Wilders. After 9/11 attacks most experts has talked about security issues but everyone sees to forget the other causes of attacks such as social and political. In Iraq war economic, social and political causes were forgotten. The representations on muslims in the media has to change. To improve the image of Islam and muslims it requires a strong effort from muslim communities. These efforts should include a comprehensive process of reforms. Muslims will never be able t o improve their image in the world if they fail to appear as a nation of culture and civilisation. Some other alternatives should be undertaken to educate other people about Islam, peace and tolerance and to clarify the incorrect views of Islam held by some people. Dr. Mona Amer, a psychologist conducted a research about the mental health of Muslims and Arab Americans in 2006, it shows us that after 9/11 attacks many Muslims and Arabs suffer from anxiety, depression and even post-traumatic stress disorder. Although the majority of participants in the study reported feeling safe to extremely safe to pre 9/11, more than 82% reported feeling unsafe post 9/11. Dr Amer noted that feeling unsafe is a predictor of post traumatic stress disorder. However this study ended up as a target of hate and discrimination after Dr. Amer research was reported in USA Today. Dr. Amer received death threats from strangers this also was mentioned in an article â€Å"Muslims in America, post 9/11†, by Rebecca Clay whose research shows that the negative attitude towards Muslims has not decreased. Muslims receive constant negative messages through media about their religion and culture. Clearly it shows that Muslims often treated really badly even though its been 13 years of 9/11 attacks. On the other hand, sometimes the media seems to be biased against Muslim communities. When the media distorts the image of Islam and Muslims, the general public tend to believe it because the media is a major source of information that the public gets about Islam and Muslims. Whereas, it can be argued that Muslims in Britain and across the western sphere, have voiced their worries about the way Islam is portrayed in the media. Aside from the action in accuracies and negativity prevented in media discourse they feel that people and their perceptions of faith and beliefs are adversely affected by such representation. Ahmed, (1992) conducted a study which highlighted that the way some people see Islam and Muslims through media is one of the factors potentially contributing to social discrimination and disadvantage amongst Muslim minorities. A report by the Guardian suggested that Muslim people in western media is typically stereotypical and negative. The report also suggested that the way the media talks and writes about Muslims would not be acceptable if the reference were to other minorities such as Jewish, Black and others. These studies showed that media shapes public opinion and covers reality by their censorship. It also demonstrated that TV, News, documentaries have the strongest influence on people’s views of Islam. Based on these arguments it could be argued that the way media covers terrorist attacks, the way portray the image of a Muslim who has been arrested or seen as suspected or general newspaper articles might have interpreted wrongly so it can increase the tension within Muslims and non-Muslims. Effect of these types of media Britain might feel threatened as they can believe that all the terrorist incidents happened they are all planned and conducted by Muslim people, in future they can plan othe r attacks on Britain to take revenge. Thus creating create moral panics as they misinformed the public which then result in Muslim communities being seen as terrorists and a threat to the UK. However, these reports could raise an awareness for general public to not to believe every news has been reported as the editor or author of that news coverage might have interpreted differently to exactly what happened to sell the copies of their newspapers, raise awareness of TV channels in order to make money. An internet survey of 1,360 people was carried out by global market insight, Muslims voice UK Queens University of Liverpool UK Muslims blame Islamphobia on the portrayal of their religion in media. Survey revealed that 40% Muslims blamed ant6i-Islamic feelings on Media, 74% non-Muslims blamed on 9/11 attacks. Non-Muslims are concerned about extremism, the lack of integration Muslims not being proud to be British and the lack oft tolerance by Muslims. However, the biggest threat to good Muslims and non-slip community is the misinformation on Islam in the media. The one of the most surprising media stories to come out after the years of 9/11 attack was â€Å"international Burn a Quran Day†, which was organised by Pastor Terry Joneson in Florida. This event on social media sites such as Facebook, twitter received thousands of likes and was covered greatly across the United States with Pastor was involved onto on CNN for an interview. However, muslims were rarely offered air time to express their opinions on the matters of how majority of the society is evidently anti-muslim. On the other hands, an news article by Akbar Ahmed (Burn Quran Day, an outrage to muslims, August, 20, 2010) suggests that burning a Quran has caused alarm in the muslim world and burning will have symbolic significance to the muslim world already feeling under attack by US. It also suggest that Gen.David Petraeus, the head of American forces in Afghanistan, has repeatedly expressed the need for winning the hearts of local people by treating them with dignity and r espect. So when muslims will see their holy Quran book being burned it will create riots and that will put US troops at further risk. There will be similar riots in Pakistan and Iran. It will inflame the entire Muslim world and fuel the acts of terrorism. Therefore, it can be argued that media only fuelled the hatred that Americans felt towards all muslims which then leads them to burn the Holy Quran book. Only small number of people was responsible for 9/11 so we cant blame on all muslims but due to media representations all muslims gets the blame for 9/11. An article in magazine (muslims life in united states , post 9/11 portrayal and representation, 8/12,2014) shows us that 9/11 attacks was not start of negative portrayals on Muslims in West. A paper published in 2010 by a sociology professor Nurrullah of Alberta University analyses the Hollywood series â€Å"24†. the analyses suggest that show portrays stereotypical images of muslims which led to increase in discrimination towards muslims. This paper also suggest that tensions between the West and Muslims are not new its phenomenon. Islam and Muslims are historically look down upon the west. The negative portrays of muslims in the media it began after the second world war with the development of technology. There is no doubt that negative media influence by the West after 9/11attacks were portrayed worldwide muslims and Islam in an even darker picture but 9/11 aside, the negative portrayal of muslims were already set in stone with some westerners. To conclude, in the media Muslims are often portrayed through stereotypical representations and discourses in which they have no voice. Basically the media is the main reason of enlarging the gap between west and east. It keeps on pressing on the west and filling their minds with pictures, movies, news against Muslims which arent true. Since 9/11 attacks media keep portraying Muslim in negative way such as terrorists and killer who attack innocent people without any reason and posing a threat to the security of countries. This creating a moral panic as they misinform the public by reporting that Muslims are intolerant, violent and cruel which then result in Muslim communities being seen as terrorists and a threat to the UK.

A Code Hero in Hemingways Books Essay -- Code Hero Robert Jordan Essa

A Code Hero in Hemingway's Books Robert Jordan has been defined as a Hemingway code hero. In Hemingway’s books, a code hero is usually male, as Hemingway’s books seem to have a similarity to Hemingway himself. These code heroes may have been previously wounded or gone through some sort of an ordeal, and so they could have a drinking problem, or a problem sleeping. They seem to be disillusioned, and/or self-oriented, and are not usually loyal to a large cause, but rather a small group of people or a relatively small idea or thing. In For Whom the Bell Tolls, Robert Jordan, the code hero, most likely dies at the end. If it were not for his loyalty to a small group, the events in the novel would probably not have transpired as they did. Jordan is an American explosives expert. Being so much of an expert that he would be sent on such a mission indicates that he must have some experience in military demolitions, and he may have previously gone through a similar mission. A traumatic experience from a previous mission may very well be affecting his actions in the novel, such...

Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership

Matthew R. Fairholm University of South Dakota Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership Public administrators need not only practical and intellectual permission to exercise leadership, but also a practical and intellectual understanding of what leadership actually is. Much has emerged in the public administration literature and practice about the need for and legitimacy of public managers exerting leadership in their work, complementing the traditional functions of organizational management and policy implementation.Calling on the experiences and ideas of practitioners, this article offers an empirical understanding—both descriptive and prescriptive— of what leadership actually looks like as it is practiced by public managers. It uncovers five leadership perspectives (ranging from leadership as equivalent to scientific management, to leadership being a whole-soul or spiritual endeavor) held by public managers and discusses their implications for public admi nistration. It legitimizes the notion that leadership is a crucial part of public administration and offers public managers the chance to improve or enhance those legitimate leadership activities.Public administrators not only need practical and intellectual permission to exercise leadership, they need practical and intellectual understanding of what leadership actually is. Training public managers in the skills and techniques of leadership and management has become a major part of public human resource efforts (Day 2000; Sims 2002; Rainey and Kellough 2000; Ink 2000; Pynes 2003). Articles and essays have surfaced in the literature about the need for and legitimacy of public managers exerting leadership in their work, complementing the traditional functions of organizational management and policy and program implementation.Books have emerged to lend more specificity to the topic of leadership in the public sector. Still, in the face of technicism, strict policy implementation, and a fear of administrative discretion, it has often been a significant struggle to discuss the philosophy of leadership in public administration. This article offers empirical insight, both descriptive and prescriptive, about what leadership actually looks like as practiced by public managers, and it supports a growing focus on leadership in the literature (Behn 1998; Terry 1995; Van Wart 2003). The research findings influence ublic administration and the individual public administrator by first growing our basic understanding of leadership, refining our perceived public administration roles consistent with that understanding, and finally, reshaping the professional training of public administrators. These new ideas about how public managers view and practice leadership legitimize the notion that leadership is inherent in and a crucial part of public administration, and it offers public managers the chance to improve or enhance those legitimate leadership activities. The hope s that th e current trend of building leadership and management capacity among practitioners will be undertaken with a more proper focus and with renewed theoretical and practical vigor. Background: The Leadership Apology in Public Administration Public administration traditionally is the study and work of management in public organizations. It is also the study and work of leadership in those organizations. Public administration emerged with a bias toward management science—the expert, the decision maker—but management science has not sufficiently served public administration McSwite 1997). Bennis (1993) suggests that managers Matthew R. Fairholm is an assistant professor in the Political Science Department and the W. O. Farber Center for Civic Leadership at the University of South Dakota. His teaching and training experience spans the public, private, nonprofit, and university settings, including extensive training and consulting in the District of Columbia government and with federal government executives. His academic and professional interests focus on public administration, leadership theory and practice, and organizational behavior.E-mail: [email  protected] edu. Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership 577 focus on doing their work right (that is, correctly), while leadership is concerned with selecting the right things— programs, policies, values, goals, etc. —to work on. In today’s environment, it makes more sense for us to describe public administration as the practice and theory that grapples with doing the right things right in the service of society. In short, public administration is the work of management and leadership. In contemporary literature, the concepts of management nd leadership are constantly being defined, compared, and differentiated. 1 A simple way to see the distinction is that if you can count it, you can control it, you can program it, and therefore, you can manage it. If you cannot count it, you have to do leadership. While some still may not see a distinction, the leadership literature today by and large accepts the differences. Notions of leadership, for instance, grounded the government reinvention efforts so prevalent in the 1990s (Ingraham, Sanders, and Thompson 1998).For example, Sanders (1998) argues that leadership is essential in the working and transformation of government. He suggests the key ingredients of leadership in government reinvention include â€Å"single-minded purpose and a strategic perspective with a proclivity for risk †¦ participation and persistence† (55). Behn (1998) says that leadership is required in the world of public administration to resolve its inherent imperfections. He suggests that no matter what we call the work of public managers, managing the systems and procedures are only part of the job.Initiative, motivation, inspiration— the things of leadership—also play a critical role in making government and government organizations work. Behn offers that the question is not whether they should lead, but rather what kind of leadership should public administrators be practicing. For him it is â€Å"active, intelligent, enterprising leadership †¦ that takes astute initiatives designed to help the agency not only achieve its purposes today but also to create new capacity to achieve its objectives tomorrow† (224). Terry’s (1995) view of leadership serves as a backdrop to much of Behn’s discussion.While Behn focuses on the traits and behaviors of public managers, Terry emphasizes a normative, values-laden approach to leadership, dismissing the heroic leadership constructs in favor of the leader as conservator of institutional and organizational values and goals. The idea of public managers infusing values into an organization is not a new one, even if it is often ignored. Selznick (1983) states that the point of leadership is to â€Å"infuse the organization with values. † And Denhardt (1981) says the theory and practice of public administration are integral to the development of the state and its allocation f values in society. It follows, therefore, that public administration must encompass far more than technical concerns (Hart 1984). Fairholm (1991) focuses a discussion 578 Public Administration Review †¢ September/October 2004, Vol. 64, No. 5 of values leadership in the work of public administration, presenting a model of leadership that is consistent with the fundamental constitutional values that guide and shape the work of public managers. Luminaries in the field, such as Follett (1918), Barnard (1938), and Waldo (1980), have also discussed leadership issues in terms of values and relationships.This focus has been renewed in the leadership literature discussing emotional intelligence, or the ability to understand people and act wisely in human relations (Goleman 1995). Nevertheless, for most, leadership is only one of many supporting elements of public administration’s success or efficacy, not a major factor in public administration theory and practice. In fact, some public administration theorists avoid the topic of leadership altogether. James MacGregor Burns (1978) offers a reason. In modern times, he writes, leadership research and theory have been misfounded in social and political thought. Burns emphatically argues that an ncompassing leadership theory has suffered both from an ill-advised intellectual trip â€Å"down a blind alley,† leading only to misguided ideas of authority, and from the inadequacy of empirical data (23). Researchers have denigrated the idea of leadership, he contends, because they misunderstand the evolving nature of authority derived from changing social structures, and because they have missed opportunities to tie in research procedures and focuses from intellectual interests such as psychology, sociology, history, and political science, not just scientific management, Weberian bureaucracy, and the like.Following Burns’s argument, perhaps public administrators are still afraid of the concepts of raw power, authority, and domination, with which a misguided history of leadership theory has endowed us with. Specifically, many in public administration suffer from a preoccupation with traditional arguments surrounding the potential evils of authority. This preoccupation revolves around typical public administration issues and concerns that are described in ways contrary to the focus on leadership found in recent literature. These concerns can be summarized by what ight be termed the â€Å"three D’s†: (1) dichotomy arguments that say leadership looks too much like politics and therefore should be eschewed; (2) discretion arguments that simply define leadership as a maverick and undesirable version of administrative discretion; and (3) domination/ authority arguments that suggest leadership is merely another form of domi nation and authority and, therefore, is inherently dangerous because it tends to create societal units that are dominated by the whims of unchecked (that is, unelected), morally hegemonic â€Å"men of reason† (McSwite 1997).Despite these objections (indeed, perhaps because of them), studying what leadership actually is and how it is applied makes sense in the world of public administration. As Burns once optimistically declared, â€Å"At last we can hope to close the intellectual gap between the fecund canons of authority and a new and general theory of leadership† (1978, 26). Certainly, studying leadership in public administration offers an opportunity to jump the practical hurdles that history and intellectual narrowness have presented. Such endeavors can begin to close an intellectual and practical gap and help complete the field.Beginning to Fill the Public Administration Leadership Gap For public administration, the leadership gap has really only existed in the ac ademic realm. Practitioners have been â€Å"doing leadership† and dealing with authority and influence all along, but without a good model for what they are doing. While some writers in the field have focused on leadership, overall, public administration scholars have done little to help understand what leadership in public organizations is. Van Wart (2003) suggests it is still an area worthy of more thought and especially more research. His eview of public administration articles suggests that leadership itself has not been in the mainstream of public administration literature and that a dearth of empirical research on leadership is evident. Many public administration academics are, at best, ignoring leadership issues and, at worst, rejecting the concept. Practitioners, on the other hand, are trying to gain sufficient training or grounding in leadership to deal with the relationship-based issues they face daily. Because of this practitioner focus, a few universities have sta rted programs explicitly linking leadership and the public sector environment.Increasingly, government agencies are devoting time and financial resources to leadership and management-development programs. 2 Many state governments have committed to offering the nationally recognized certified public manager training to their employees. And most federal agencies have leadership-development programs for senior executives, middle managers, and new recruits with significant leadership potential. You Know It When You See It Even with all of this focus on leadership development, public administration as a field has not devoted sufficient cholarly attention to the topic. People often lump all executive functions or behavior into the word â€Å"leadership. † They disregard the unique leadership techniques that have prompted contemporary leadership scholars to differentiate leadership and management. Thus, they may say that virtually everything done in organizations is leadershipâ€⠀ which also means that nothing is. One reason for this lack of attention is that understanding leadership is hard. In part, this is true because of the many extant management and leadership theories, approaches, and definitions. To some xtent, though, these definitions of leadership simply reflect the theory that each individual researcher has about the leadership phenomenon. One authority on leadership suggests, â€Å"Leadership is like beauty. You know it when you see it. † As Stogdill (1974, 7) suggests, â€Å"there are as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept. † Understanding leadership, then, may entail understanding people’s conceptions or mind sets about the phenomenon and framing these perspectives in a useful model. Studying practitioner views n leadership, therefore, is an appropriate and valuable start to understanding what leadership looks like in public administration to public administrators. This article deals with the author’s study focusing on what leadership looks like to public managers. This research develops empirical evidence that different perspectives on leadership exist that shape the behavior of individual practitioners in ways specific to their mind sets. This is a â€Å"personal conceptions† or â€Å"perspectival† approach to leadership study. This perspectival approach reveals the different ways that individual public managers see their eadership activities every day—how they conceive of leadership from their perspective. Therefore, it provides a richer, more meaningful understanding of the concept of leadership and facilitates a more complete analysis of the leadership phenomenon. It also suggests it is likely that practitioner leaders can grow in their understanding of leadership. Importantly, this research better informs the work of public administrators by emphasizing both the leadership and the management responsibilities that are evident as practitioners ply their craft. Leader and Leadership Two main approaches to studying leadership emerge.The most popular is a focus on the leader, suggesting that leadership is best understood by studying specific individuals in specific situations (Bennis 1984; Kouzes and Posner 1990; Carson 1987; Sanders 1998). Proponents of this method focus on the qualities, behaviors, and situational responses of those who claim to be or are given the title of leader. In this first approach, leadership is what leaders are or do, and therefore the meaning of leadership derives from the work of the leader: Leaders define leadership. The second approach recognizes that studying individual eaders may not get you to a general understanding of leadership (DePree 1992; Wheatley 1999; Heifetz 1994; Burns 1978; Greenleaf 1977). This approach rejects the idea that leadership is a summation of the qualities, behaviors, or situational responses of individuals in a position of authority a t the head of organizations. Proponents of this approach accept that leadership is something larger than the leader— that leadership encompasses all there is that defines who a Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership 579 leader may be. Hence, the meaning of â€Å"leader† (or who ay be labeled a leader) depends on the leadership techniques displayed, not the position held. This second approach differs from the leadercentric approach mainly by asking the question, â€Å"what is leadership? † instead of â€Å"who is a leader? † This second, more philosophical approach guides this research exploring how public managers view leadership. Applying the Perspectival Approach to Understanding Leadership Paradigmatic, perspectival, or worldview conceptions of how we look at the world are not new in literature. Barker (1992) uses the term â€Å"paradigm† to suggest a system or attern of integrating thoughts, actions, and practices. Graves (1970) d escribes different states of being, each of which determines actions, relationships, and measures of success. Although the states of being are somewhat hierarchically arranged, Graves’s research shows that a person need not necessarily grow to higher levels or states of being. Harman (1998), in reviewing the history of science and knowledge, suggests there are three fundamental ways (perspectives) of seeing and knowing the world and the phenomena of social interaction. Other authors see culture s shaping the way we view things in our everyday experiences (Quinn and McGrath 1985; Schein 1996; Herzberg 1984; Hofstede 1993). McWhinney (1984) explains the importance of looking at paradigmatic perspectives in studying leadership. He argues the different ways people experience reality result in distinctly different attitudes toward change, and understanding these different concepts contributes to new understanding about resistance to change and modes of leadership. Morgan (1998) al so suggests that the way we see organizations influences how we operate within them and even shapes the types of activities that make sense ithin them. The Theory of Leadership Perspectives The research draws on the perspectives outlined by Gil Fairholm (1998). He suggests that people view leadership in at least five different ways. These perspectives not only shape how one internalizes observation and externalizes belief sets, they also determine how one measures success in oneself and others. Thus, Fairholm says, â€Å"defining leadership is an intensely personal activity limited by our personal paradigms or our mental state of being, our unique mind set† (xv). Our leadership perspective defines what we mean when we say â€Å"leadership† and shapes how we iew successful leadership in ourselves and others. He explains that while the leadership perspective that someone holds may not be the objective reality about leader580 Public Administration Review †¢ September /October 2004, Vol. 64, No. 5 ship, people holding that view behave as if it is. Individuals immediately draw on their own conceptions to internalize conversations about leadership. They define leadership for themselves and use their perspective as the basis for judging whether others are exercising leadership. Frustration, confusion, and even conflict may arise because individuals may simply have ultiple, competing, even conflicting conceptions of what leadership is. Fairholm posits five distinct leadership mind sets that emerge from experience and literature from the past 100 years or so. The first is leadership as (scientific) management. This perspective equates leadership with the type of management that draws on the scientific management movement of the early part of the twentieth century, which still has relevance for many even today. In this perspective, much emphasis is placed on managers understanding the one best way to promote and maintain productivity among the employee ranks.Gulick’s (1937) famous mnemonic, POSDCORB (plan, organize, staff, direct, coordinate, report and budget), had great influence on the work of public administrators by legitimizing and routinizing the administration of government and fits squarely in this perspective. The second perspective, leadership as excellence management, suggests that leadership is management but focuses on what has been called the â€Å"excellence movement. † Popularized in the 1980s by Peters and Waterman (1982), Deming (1986), and Juran (1989), this perspective focuses on systematic quality improvements with a focus on the eople involved in the processes, the processes themselves, and the quality of products that are produced. The third perspective is leadership as a values-displacement activity. This perspective defines leadership as a relationship between leader and follower that allows for typical management objectives to be achieved primarily through shared values, not merely directi on and control. Leadership success depends more on values and shared vision than on organizational authority. Although the values-leadership perspective differentiates leadership and management, it still focuses much on the role of the leader in the elationship. The fourth perspective, leadership in a trust culture, shifts the focus toward the ambient culture where interaction between the leader and the led is based on trust founded on shared values, recognizing the follower as having a key role in the leadership relationship. This mind set emphasizes teams, culture, and mutual trust between leader and follower, which are the methods leaders use to institutionalize their values. The last perspective is whole-soul (spiritual) leadership. This perspective builds on the ideas of displacing values and maintaining a culture of trust, as it focuses attention n the whole-soul nature of both the individual leader and each follower. This perspective assumes that people have only one spirit, which manifests itself in both our professional and personal lives, and that the activity of leadership engages individuals at this core level. â€Å"Spirit† is defined in terms of the basis of comfort, strength, happiness; the essence of self; the source of personal meaning and values; a personal belief system or inner certainty; and an emotional level of being. Equating spiritual leadership with the relatively new idea of emotional intelligence may seem atural. Emotional intelligence is indeed related to social intelligence and wise human relations. It involves the ability to monitor one’s own emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions (Salovey and Mayer 1990). Emotional intelligence is a useful concept (perhaps for all of the perspectives, but especially from values leadership on), but it involves only a part of what spiritual leaders might use in their larger-scoped task of capturing the spirit (the s oul, the heart, or the character) of followers at the emotional, ut also at the value, intellectual, and technical levels. Whole-soul (spiritual) leadership integrates the components of work and personal life into a comprehensive system that fosters continuous growth, improvement, self-awareness, and self leadership in such a way that leaders see others as whole persons with a variety of emotions, skills, knowledge, and abilities that go beyond the narrow confines of job needs. Spiritual leadership is essentially the linking of our interior world of moral reflection with our outer world of work and social relationships. The theory suggests these five perspectives are distinct ut related hierarchically, leading to a more accurate and comprehensive conception of leadership. This hierarchy suggests that succeeding perspectives encompass and transcend lower-order perspectives, and that individuals must move through simpler perspectives before being able to comprehend and engage in leade rship activities characterized by more complex perspectives. To gain a full picture of leadership, the theory suggests, we should take into account how a â€Å"holarchy† of leadership perspectives offers a compilation of leadership elements that produces a more comprehensive view of the leadership phenomenon Koestler 1970). Within this compilation of leadership elements, some transcend others to such a degree as to make the less encompassing elements look less like true leadership. As we move up the model, the distinctive elements of leadership as differentiated from management become more refined. The Leadership Perspectives Model The leadership perspectives model explains leadership in terms of these encompassing perspectives (figure 1). The model shows five concentric triangles, the smallest of which is scientific management and the largest of which is whole- soul leadership.Thus, in two dimensions, we are able to see how one perspective can encompass and transcend another perspective. For example, values leadership encompasses the ideas of scientific management and excellence management, but transcends them in ways that help us to see distinct activities and approaches that create a line between management theories of the past and leadership ideas in contemporary literature. The leadership perspectives model operationalizes significant elements of Fairholm’s initial theory, illustrating how these constructs, along with operational categories and ey leadership elements, relate. The specific leadership elements are ones that are found in contemporary leadership literature. Overall, the model points the way not only to understand the phenomenon of leadership better, but also to teach leadership and develop individuals in their leadership activities. Key Research Findings This researcher performed a content analysis on 103 essays written by middle managers in the District of Columbia government describing their conception of leadership.Data were also collected from 31 interviews of public managers (balanced in terms of government function, personnel grade level, gender, and ethnicity) in three metropolitan Washington-area jurisdictions — Arlington County, Virginia, Washington, DC, and Prince George’s County, Maryland—as a supplement and verification of the essays’ analysis. The content analysis and interview data reveal the following general findings about the leadership of public managers in terms of the five leadership perspectives. Five Leadership Perspectives.The content analysis revealed four distinct, â€Å"pure† leadership perspectives and one transitional perspective (that is, excellence management). The scientific management, values leadership, trust culture leadership, and whole-soul leadership perspectives were evident as distinct mind sets held by practicing public executives. Fifteen of 103 essays (14. 6 percent) reflected completely distinct leadership perspectives. All persp ectives were evident in mixed or combination forms. The scientific management perspective was identified as the perspective of choice most often, receiving the most hits t 24 percent, while the excellence management perspective received the least at 15 percent. Each hit measures the existence of at least one description or reference to a leadership element in the leadership perspectives model. The evidence for each leadership perspective is reinforced by the analysis of both the essays and the interviews. Excellence management garnered the least concrete support. It is the only perspective that did not have a pure form found in the essays—that is, no one was identified as solely in this perspective—and almost one-third of the essays had Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership 581Figure 1 Leadership Perspectives Model 11. Ensure efficient use of resources to ensure group activity is controlled and predictable 12. Ensure verifiably optimal productivity and r esource allocation 13. Foster continuous process-improvement environment for increased service and productivity levels 14. Transform the environment and perceptions of followers to encourage innovation, high quality products, and excellent services 15. Help individuals become proactive contributors to group action based on shared values and agreed upon goals 16. Encourage high organizational performance and self-led followers 17.Ensure cultures conducive to mutual trust and unified collective action 18. Prioritization of mutual cultural values and organizational conduct in terms of those values 19. Relate to individuals such that concern for the whole person is paramount in raising each other to higher levels of awareness and action 10. Best in people is liberated in a context of continuous improvement of self, culture, and service delivery Whole-Soul (Spiritual) Leadership Trust Cultural Leadership Values Leadership Excellence Management 1. Incentivization 2. Control 3. Direction S cientific Management 14. Motivation 15. Engaging people in roblem definition and solution 16. Expressing common courtesy/respect 17. Values prioritization 18. Teaching/coaching 19. Empowering (fostering ownership) 11. Measuring/ appraising/rewarding individual performance 12. Organizing 13. Planning 14. Focusing on process improvement 15. Listening actively 16. Being accessible 17. Setting and enforcing values 18. Visioning 19. Focusing communication around the vision 10. Trust 11. Team building 12. Fostering a shared culture 10. Creating and maintaining culture through visioning 11. Sharing governance 12. Measuring/appraising/ rewarding group performance 13.Inspiration 14. Liberating followers to build community and promote stewardship 15. Modeling a service orientation 13. Developing and enabling individual wholeness in a community (team) context 14. Fostering an intelligent organization 15. Setting moral standards no hits relevant to this perspective. However, the interview data show it to be the most frequently described perspective. This finding suggests that excellence management may be more appropriately labeled a transition or bridge perspective from scientific management to values leadership. This perspective may reflect people’s tendency to mix the ocabularies of management and leadership as they try to express what it is they actually do. People hear the newer 582 Public Administration Review †¢ September/October 2004, Vol. 64, No. 5 terms of leadership, but they may not yet be able to shake off the traditions of management theory and the vocabulary of industrial revolution. The result is a description of leadership that mixes the efficiency and productivity mantra of scientific management with the relationship, teamwork, values, and empowerment vocabulary of recent leadership literature, such as that found in the values-based leadership and emotional intelligence literature.Hierarchical Leadership Perspectives. The five perspectives of leadership tend toward a hierarchy. The public managers described perspectives that related in loosely hierarchical ways—perspectives that encompass and transcend other perspectives. In this sense, the scientific management perspective is of a lower order in the leadership perspective hierarchy. All of the other perspectives encompass and transcend it. Whole-soul leadership is of a higher order, transcending the other four. The interview data verify essay data and confirm the five perspectives relate in a hierarchical manner.Through trial and error, by increasing their awareness of leadership activities, or by increasing their levels of responsibility in the organization, individuals may progress from lower-order perspectives to higherorder perspectives. This suggests that some people may extend their understanding and practice of leadership over time. This could happen if a career is maintained at the same organizational level or if it spans multiple levels. Data illustrate that adopting a new perspective transcends the previous one. For instance, the tools and behaviors of a lower-order perspective may be the building blocks for the ools and behaviors of succeeding perspectives, but they are not adopted unchanged from one perspective to another. As one moves up the hierarchy of leadership perspectives, the tools, behaviors, and approaches one uses are encompassed and transcended and can, at certain levels, be totally sublimated by other tools and behaviors so as to be obsolete or even antithetical to the work of a leader in higher-order perspectives. Distinctiveness through the Operational Categories. The perspectives can be distinguished by understanding how someone describes the implementation (or doing) of eadership, the tools and behaviors used, and the approaches to followers taken in the leadership relationship. The content analysis of all 103 essays suggests that specific leadership elements within the â€Å"approaches to followers† cate gory distinguish a person’s leadership perspectives (such as giving orders, motivating, team building, inspiring). However, the tools and behaviors that individuals describe in â€Å"doing leadership† are more helpful in differentiating leadership perspectives than either of the other two. Table 1 summarizes the number of times a leadership element ithin the operational categories of the leadership perspectives was distinctly described in the essays. A total of 1,343 distinct references to the leadership elements that define the categories outlined in the leadership perspectives model were found in the 103 essays. The interview data reinforce the fact that the operational categories in the model are useful in distinguishing leadership perspectives. Seeing More the Higher Up You Are. The higher in the organizational hierarchy public managers are, and the more time in service they have, the more likely they are to subscribe to higher-order perspectives.Perhaps this is a commonsensical notion, but rarely, if ever before, born out by research (though by no way is it to say that by virtue of promotion individuals necessarily adopt more encompassing views of the leadership responsibilities). Comments from interview subjects validate this idea. One mid-level manager within the whole-soul leadership perspective stated bluntly that â€Å"my views have changed over a number of years. † Another response from a senior executive within the trust culture leadership perspective indicated, â€Å"If you were to ask me five years ago I would have a different answer, I’d have different thoughts. As this individual began to understand different aspects of the job, especially aspects dealing with values and relationships, new ideas and technologies began to emerge and were viewed as successful. These statements, typical of many this researcher received, lend evidence that people can and do move from one perspective to another and that the movement is t oward higher-order perspectives—perspectives that are more encompassing and transcendent than previous conceptions. There may even be a point at which they realize what they thought they were doing in terms of leadership actually urned out to be more managerial in nature. A realization of how leadership differs from management causes them to focus their leadership effort differently. One public administrator confided that â€Å"in this current job, I jumped right into management (there was a lot wrong in that area) and I was frustrated that I hadn’t taken the time to do the leadership. Now I am starting from scratch all over focusing on the ‘leadership piece’ because the office still did not function well. † Gender and Racial Congruence. All five perspectives were evident in male and female public managers at the ame relative frequencies. However, females tended slightly more toward the excellence management perspective, while males tended slightly more toward the scientific management perspective. All five perspectives were evident in African American and white public managers at the same relative frequencies. These facts suggest the leadership perspectives model applies regardless of the gender or race of the person engaging in leadership. Functional Incongruence. The data reveal the functional area of government in which public managers operate may influence leadership perspectives.Public managers in the public safety and justice function tend toward the first three perspectives in the hierarchy: scientific management, excellence management, and values leadership. Public managers in the government support, direction, and finance function revealed all but the trust culture leadership perspective. Public managers in human services and education, economic regulations, and public works reflected all five leadership perspectives, although they tended toward the lower-order perspectives. Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership 583Table 1 Summary of Hits Within Each Perspective By Leadership Elements and Operational Categories Leadership perspective Operational categories Leadership elements Scientific management Ensure efficient use of resources to ensure group activity is controlled and predictable Ensure verifiably optimal productivity and resource allocation Measuring, appraising, and rewarding individual performance Organizing (to include such things as budgeting and staffing) Planning (to include such things as coordination and reporting) Incentivization Control Direction Implementation description Tools and behavior Approaches to followersTotal Excellence management Implementation description Tools and behavior Approaches to followers Total Values leadership Implementation description Tools and behavior Approaches to followers Total Trust cultural leadership Implementation description Tools and behavior Approaches to followers Total Whole soul leadership Implementation description Tools a nd behavior Approaches to followers Number of hits Foster continuous process-improvement environment for increased service and productivity levels Transform the environment and perceptions of followers to encourage innovation, high quality products, and xcellent services Focusing on process improvement Listening actively Being accessible (to include such things as managing by walking around and open-door policies) Motivation Engaging people in problem definition and solution Expressing common courtesy and respect Help individuals become proactive contributors to group action based on shared values and agreed upon goals Encourage high organizational performance and self-led followers Setting and enforcing values Visioning Focusing communication around the vision Values prioritization Teaching and coaching Empowering (fostering ownership)Ensure cultures conducive to mutual trust and unified collective action Prioritization of mutual cultural values and organizational conduct in terms of those values Creating and maintaining culture through visioning Sharing governance Measuring, appraising, and rewarding group performance Trust Team building Fostering a shared culture Relate to individuals such that concern for the whole person is paramount in raising each other to higher levels of awareness and action Best in people is liberated in a context of continuous improvement of self, culture, and service delivery Developing and enabling individual wholeness in a ommunity (team) context Fostering an intelligent organization Setting moral standards Inspiration Liberating followers to build community and promote stewardship Modeling a service orientation Total 584 Public Administration Review †¢ September/October 2004, Vol. 64, No. 5 Percent for Percent for element category 39 24 57 54 64 15 15 74 342 11 7 17 16 19 4 4 22 100 18 10 38 25 6 21 14 3 31 9 59 15 13 183 5 32 8 7 100 22 59 17 35 19 81 44 15 61 26 340 10 6 24 13 4 18 8 100 16 7 15 28 23 37 24 77 18 238 6 12 10 16 10 32 8 100 28 12 19 8 20 36 55 51 14 17 240 8 15 23 21 6 7 100 18 51 30 48 28 42 30 13 37 50 0 46 34 Discussion: Implications for Public Administration The leadership perspectives model posited in this study emerges as a valid way to test both the descriptive and prescriptive potential of the perspectival research approach and helps to frame a more comprehensive view of leadership. It is descriptive in the sense that it defines and explores how one may view leadership and positions that perspective into an overarching leadership model. To some, leadership is scientific management, but that perspective may not be as encompassing (as complete a description of the phenomenon) as another perspective.The section of the model from values leadership to whole-soul leadership describes leadership in a more refined manner (and more in line with contemporary literature on leadership, such as emotional intelligence), with whole-soul leadership perhaps being the better overall descriptio n of what transcendent leadership looks like. The model is prescriptive in the sense that it explains which activities, tools, approaches, and philosophies are required to be effective or successful within each perspective. This research suggests that in order to fully understand what leadership is, we have to take into account that some f what we call leadership is often encompassed and transcended by other, more enlightening conceptions. The more enlightened we become in terms of transcending leadership elements, the more able we are to see leadership as distinct from what contemporary literature would distinguish as management. Burns (1978) refused to use the term â€Å"management. † Instead, he used the term â€Å"transactional leadership† to distinguish lower-order organizational technologies from the ideas of higher-order leadership, which he termed â€Å"transforming leadership. † This model adds new light (and support) for why Burns may have chosen to us e eadership to describe his more managerial descriptions of organizational activities, in that some do view management as leadership. However, we are able to understand through this model that some perspectives of what we do are not leadership at all, but rather management—perhaps good management, but management only. In other words, everything we call leadership may not actually conform to the distinctive technologies of leadership. This leadership perspectives model allows public administrators to more easily recognize their day-to-day leadership (and management) efforts and to see those efforts in broader, more encompassing ways.The research and findings based on the model can influence public administration and the individual public administrator by (1) growing their understanding of leadership, (2) helping to refine public administrators’ roles and recognize that their measures of success in these roles will reflect activities consistent with their leadership pers pective, and (3) reshaping the professional training of public administrators. Growing One’s Understanding of Leadership This research suggests that one’s understanding of leadership depends on the perspective that one brings to the question.The perspectival approach to leadership assumes it is possible to expand and grow one’s understanding of leadership, even to the point of realizing what one thought was leadership may more accurately be called management or, as Burns put it, transactional leadership. It does not assume one must necessarily move from one perspective to another, but it does suggest that movement can and does occur. Interview subjects reflected a sincere and reflective approach to leadership, which they felt comfortably fit their views of how they interact with other people and how other people interact with them. These were not xpressions of leadership styles (that is, calculated activities to achieve some specific goal or achieve a particular agenda depending on the situation or follower maturity). Rather, the perspective a person holds defines (1) the truth to them about leadership, (2) the leader’s job, (3) how one analyzes the organization, (4) how one measures success in the leadership activity, and (5) how they view followership. The leadership perspective is the umbrella under which different leadership styles may be pursued or expressed (Hersey and Blanchard 1979). Leadership perspectives, therefore, are not leadership styles to be changed willy-nilly.Rather, leadership perspectives are paradigms and worldviews (leadership philosophies) that need not necessarily change over a lifetime, but may be grown and changed through concerted training efforts, life experiences, and learning opportunities. One interviewee in the public library system suggested the things she did and believed as a first-line manager were totally different than the things she does and believes now as a senior executive. She said that wh at got her to her current position was no longer effective where she currently sits in the organization.As she progressed through different levels of the organization, she also progressed through different perspectives of what leadership meant to her and how she practiced it as a public administrator. Redefining and Refining the Roles of Public Administrators Just as leadership can be viewed in multiple ways, so can the roles of the public administrator. This research reinforces the idea that the perspective of leadership that public administrators accept (implicitly or explicitly) determines their actions and how they measure the relative success or failure of those actions. Therefore, the leadership erspectives within which public administrators operate most likely influences the roles they choose to play. Public administrators who sit squarely in the scientific management perspective accept that the traditional public administration principles of efficiency and effecDifferent Per spectives on the Practice of Leadership 585 tiveness and the activities summarized by POSDCORB fully explain the purposes and processes of their work. To them, technical managerial skill and scientific, reasoned precision must be the purview of public administration without the pressures of political activity, which â€Å"rightly† belong to politicians.Public administrators holding to the excellence management perspective add an emphasis on process improvement and stakeholder involvement to discover and resolve potential problems in efficient and effective processes. These first two perspectives, scientific management and excellence management, focus on the administrative side of the classic public administration dichotomy. Together, they ground the traditional measures of success for public administrators, which the leadership perspectives model suggests may actually be based on transactional management ideas— not leadership at all.However, as we have seen, there are those who claim more for the profession of public administration than the technical and predictable. Many say that the politics–administration dichotomy is no longer relevant, if it ever was. These public administration leaders bring a values perspective to the work they do and recognize their potentially influential place in society (Marini 1971; Waldo 1971; Frederickson 1997). Some focus on the societal impact they can make. Others focus on the organizational impact they can make. Others find meaning in creating great public administrators one by one, either by teaching, mentoring, r going about their public-sector jobs in inspiring ways. These views of public administration may fit more comfortably with the philosophies of higher-order leadership perspectives. No wonder, then, there are still disagreements within the field as to its proper role and stance in society: There are public administrators who honestly measure success and implement leadership from dramatically dif ferent leadership mindsets. They use different tools and engage in behavior and approaches toward others very differently. These perspectives also guide how they view the work of other public administrators, always gauging the success or ailure or the appropriateness of another’s work based on how they conceive of leadership in public administration. Not only does this sometimes cause confusion and frustration within public organizations, where public servants are doing the day-to-day work of government, but it also adds to the confusion and frustration in debates about the field itself. Perhaps these debates might better focus on the perspectives of leadership among public administrators that dictate their values, goals, and behavior more so than the academically defined roles that public administrators are said to play.The perspectival approach to leadership, therefore, may encompass a way to analyze the field of public administration itself. 586 Public Administration Revie w †¢ September/October 2004, Vol. 64, No. 5 Some public administrators who hold to lower-order leadership perspectives may never see a reason to progress through different perspectives. The research findings in this study conclude, however, that there are perspectives of leadership that encompass and transcend lower-order perspectives, that growth and progression is evident in the ways people conceive of leadership, and that moving to igher-order perspectives increases a public administrator’s capacity to cope with increasingly complex issues, organizations, and relationships. Hence, there are ways of conceiving of leadership in public administration that transcend and encompass more limiting perspectives. This translates to public administrators who seem more organizationally sophisticated and emotionally intelligent, as well as more attuned to the personal or individual issues of their jobs. They deal more with people, public issues, and policies (both within the organ izations and outside it) and are able to facilitate more success in an increasingly omplex world. The perspectival approach to leadership also points to a clearer way to understand the different measures of public administration success. The hierarchical nature of the leadership perspectives model suggests the role of public administrators encompasses the technical implementer and skilled mediator roles, but transcends them as well. It suggests that public administrators may rightly play a more facilitative, policy-making, and collaborative role—roles that are more in line with higher-order leadership perspectives—and those roles may be more appropriate (if not necessarily more effective) roles in general.Shaping Professional Training, MPA Curricula Designs, and the â€Å"Oughts† of Public Administration Understanding leadership perspectives as they are applied to the work of public administration can be used not only to refine (and redefine) the field, but also to provide a foundation for training new public administrators. As important as the technical and traditional management skills of public administration are, there is also a need to focus on the recently recognized skills and perspectives of leadership such as relationship building, inspiration, culture creation, values change, creativity, and flexibility.If such a focus is neglected in the training and work of public administration, the field may never get past the continual debates about its legitimacy, usefulness, and place in government and society. In today’s organizational climate, where technology and information are expanding rapidly, along with the knowledge base and professional and personal requirements of the workforce, higher-order leadership perspectives and the public administration roles associated with them may indeed be more effective. Public administrators are often in a better position to suggest new programs and new directions or government. Higher-order mind sets assume, or at least allow for, this function as a part of doing leadership in public administration. The leadership perspectives model helps to redefine the field to focus on public service as an opportunity to engage in leadership within public organizations. It supports our continual efforts to teach others to seek the highest ideals of public service, and thereby to leave to citizens a legacy of trust, integrity, and responsibility, as well as high-quality service delivery and accountability. This implies there are approaches to public administration that hould be adopted over others (such as community building, value shaping, visioning, and stewardship). It implies there are approaches to public administration that are more encompassing and transcendent than others. The research describes what leadership looks like in the work of public administration, emphasizing that the work within public organizations influences the work of public organizations. Public administrat ors can, therefore, better understand their work as leaders inside the organization— not just middle managers, but middle leaders as well (G. Fairholm 2001; M. Fairholm 2002). Remember the one ublic manager who â€Å"jumped right into management,† but then realized he had to start â€Å"from scratch all over focusing on the ‘leadership piece’ because the office still did not function well. † Well-functioning offices are key to welldelivered services and good government. Another public administrator explained that â€Å"leaders need to be modeling behavior, what you want from people you must model. If you want to have a certain type of communication from others you must communicate that way. If you want people to develop people, you must develop people. You must model the work ethic; do what is required o help. I believe in having respect for the position one holds, but I also believe in equality. You need to work to build a community. † This perspective outlines a kind of organizational work that influences how both the internal and external mission of the organization is carried out. The leadership perspectives model clarifies leadership as distinct from discretion or mere uses or abuses of authority. The different perspectives of leadership make the work of public administration look and feel different depending on the different mind sets public managers hold from which they view their craft.These perspectives prescribe how public administration ought to be. Indeed, the â€Å"oughts† of public administration are shaped by the perspective of leadership that one holds. What the leadership perspectives model also offers, however, is that not all perspectives are equal in application. Some perspectives are more encompassing and transcendent than others—that is, some are more operationally useful today than others. Recognizing this potential measure of our work should influence how this work is taught and how individuals are trained.Current (and past) master of public administration programs still teach mostly management skills and techniques. Often programs add the word â€Å"strategic† to the planning function to give it a top-box orientation, but it is still focused on institutional planning and numbers, not values. A course on managerial leadership is emblematic of this approach, and it is not sufficiently comprehensive. MPA curricula and professional development programs would benefit from discussing the descriptions of leadership perspectives and the type of public administration consistent with those descriptions. They should train specific skills, ompetencies, and technologies that the different perspectives demand, including emotional intelligence or other higher-order concepts about values, relationships, and dealing with stakeholders at the emotional level. MPA programs should include leadership specialties or include leadership as a core competency with courses to rei nforce it. The leadership perspectives model itself offers fundamental skills and approaches that can be used as a framework to shape a training and development program or even as part of an MPA curriculum. For example, a five-day leadership training program might use the perspectives to outline each day’s activities.Each day would include a section on implementing leadership from that perspective, coupled with skills-development activities for the leadership elements within the â€Å"tools and behavior† and â€Å"approaches to followers† categories. Each day might then end with the implications for public administration from that perspective. Table 2 outlines such a training design. These curricula and programs should recognize some of the more normative issues about these perspectives and devote attention to answering the questions about how public administration should be thought about and practiced in encompassing and transcendent ways. ConclusionAs public a dministration begins to include discussions of leadership more explicitly in its work and training, the field will not only better understand its legitimate role in society, it will also produce men and women who are competently and confidently prepared to do the work of public leaders. The task of public administration today—both intellectually and operationally—is to better understand these perspectives and ensure the field is adopting the most appropriate and encompassing approaches to and measures of our work in the societies we live in, the organizations we work in, and the individual lives we influence.Overall, the perspectival approach to understanding leadership is a credible and valid way to better understand how people can operate in this complex yet intensely personal world within which public administration finds itself staunchly entrenched. Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership 587 Table 2 Generic Leadership Training Program for Public Admin istrators General daily format Day 1: Leadership as Scientific Management Implementation description—what leadership looks like Day 2: Leadership as Excellence Management Implementation description—what leadership looks like Skills development †¢ Measuring, ppraising, and rewarding individual performance †¢ Organizing (to include such things as budgeting and staffing) †¢ Planning (to include such things as coordination and reporting) †¢ Focusing on process †¢ Setting and improvement enforcing values †¢ Listening actively †¢ Visioning †¢ Being accessible (to †¢ Focusing include such things communication as managing by around the vision walking around and open-door policies) †¢ Creating and †¢ Developing and maintaining culture enabling individual through visioning wholeness in a community (team) †¢ Sharing governance context †¢ Measuring, †¢ Fostering an appraising, and intelligent ewarding group orga nization performance †¢ Setting moral standards Follower relationship concepts †¢ Incentivization †¢ Control †¢ Direction †¢ Values prioritization †¢ Motivation †¢ Engaging people in †¢ Teaching and coaching problem definition and solution †¢ Empowering †¢ Expressing common (fostering courtesy and respect ownership) †¢ Trust †¢ Team building †¢ Fostering a shared culture Conclusion Public administration practice—Each day discuss what this leadership perspective tells me about my work. Introduction Day 3: Values Leadership Day 4: Trust Cultural Leadership Day 5: Whole-Soul Leadership Implementation description—what eadership looks like Implementation description—what leadership looks like Implementation description—what leadership looks like †¢ Inspiration †¢ Liberating followers to build community and promote stewardship †¢ Modeling a service orientation Notes References 1. Th is debate centers on some general ideas. Management embodies the more reasoned, scientific, position-based approach to organizational engagement, such as setting and maintaining organizational structure, dealing with complexity, solving organizational problems, making transactions between leader and those being led, and ensuring control and prediction.Leadership embodies the more relationship-based, values-laden, developmental aspect of the work we do in organizations, such as changing organizational contexts, transforming leader and those being led, setting and aligning organizational vision with group action, and ensuring individuals a voice so that they can grow into productive, proactive, and self-led followers (Burns 1978; Kotter 1990; Taylor 1915; Urwick 1944; Zaleznik 1977; Ackerman 1985; Rosener 1990). 2. Examples of these universities and programs include the Farber Center for Civic Leadership at the University of South Dakota, the Center for Excellence in Municipal Managem ent t The George Washington University, the Management Institute at the University of Richmond, and several programs at Harvard, Stanford, and the University of Chicago. Washington, DC has also devoted considerable resources to building and sustaining a public–private partnership with the academic, business, and philanthropic communities to focus on developing management and leadership capabilities in its midand senior-level management tier, though budget cuts now threaten the endeavor (CEMM 1996). See also Wimberley and Rubens (2002) for more on leadership development programs through partnerships.Ackerman, Leonard. 1985. Leadership vs. Managership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 6(2): 17–19. Barker, Joel. 1992. Future Edge: Discovering the New Paradigms of Success. New York: W. Morrow. 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